Taken together, the perinatal HS diet increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroides and elevated the fecal LCA and DCA levels, thereby destroying the gut barrier, increasing the levels of hepatic TNF and IL-6, and inhibiting the expression of CYP7A1 and Fxr, which induced hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation, potentially contributing to the progression of NAFLD in the weanling offspring. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.