Dura et al. [25] found in a case-control study with esophageal cancer patients (n cases = 351 Caucasians) that genetically predicted high activity of UGT1A1, which is predictive of low serum levels of bilirubin, was associated with an increased risk of ESCC. This evidence concerns the gene UGT1A1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.