As Figure 5 shows, different aw signals affect cellular signaling pathways by modulating the expressions of GPCRs and oxylipins genes; then, several TFs, especially AtfB, are activated by SAPK/MAPK and cAMP/PKA pathways through the multistep phosphorelay systems [12,25]; the up-regulated AtfB can directly bind to the promoter regions of AflR, AflS, and AF biosynthetic genes, and subsequently enhance AF production [12,22]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK9 and atrial fibrillation.