Although elafin mRNA or protein is known to be overexpressed in cancer tissues arising from normal squamous epithelium of head and neck, esophagus, and bronchi, when compared to adjacent normal tissues [5,6,10], there have been no studies, to our best knowledge, to examine the possible predictive or prognostic ability of its expression in locoregional ESCC patients (stage I-IIIA). This evidence concerns the gene PI3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.