Disruption of normal mitochondrial dynamics is one of the most frequently proposed mechanisms behind mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes—numerous studies show decreased expression of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) but also decreased expression of PGC-1α and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) responsive genes that encode oxidative enzymes [21,22]. This evidence concerns the gene NRF1 and diabetes mellitus.