MTOR and cancer: One of the important effects of MSA on cancer cells is the activation of FOXO proteins by phosphorylation, which ultimately triggers the signaling PI3K/AKT/mTOR (phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway-is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle [50,51,52,53,54].