Although the concentrations of capsaicin in this study are higher than blood capsaicin concentrations (~0.2 μM) previously reported, it is important to understand the mechanisms of capsaicin action on glycaemic control that may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes using capsaicin analogues or adjunct therapies that bypass defective insulin signalling pathways [45]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.