VEGFA and cancer: In cancer cells and ST, VEGF expression is modulated by several pathways, including metabolic factor-induced pathways, such as hypoxia and hypoglycemia via ROS production [62,63,73]; lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [74]; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [75]; and transcription factors, such as activator protein-1 (AP-1), NF-κB, and stimulatory protein-1 (SP-1) [76,77,78].