In MDS, genetic profiling of a large cohort recently uncovered a critical effect of TP53 allelic state on the disease phenotype, with patients harboring biallelic mutations being at increased risk of death and leukemic transformation, and showing poor response to therapy, and patients with monoallelic mutations not differing significantly from patients with wild-type TP53 in the aforementioned parameters [49]. This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and myelodysplastic syndrome.