RAGE signaling is likely to have a role in these conditions, since (i) a correlation between the levels of the most abundant AGE, CML, in neurons and vessels and cognitive impairment has been reported in subjects with vascular dementia [46]; (ii) toxic AGEs have been found in the neurofibrillary tangles and neurons of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus of AD patients [47,48]; and (iii) S100B, S100A9, and S100A12 levels are increased in AD brains [49]. Here, S100A9 is linked to Alzheimer disease.