ACADM and urinary bladder carcinoma: For example, BMP4-containing conditioned medium collected from bladder cancer cells increases M2 macrophage differentiation [99], IL-6 and GM-CSF produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts induce M2 macrophage differentiation [142], and caspase-1 promotes TAM differentiation by cleaving PPARy, which then interacts with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) [100].