TNF and neoplasm: Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are actively recruited in the tumour microenvironment and play a dual role: M1 macrophages releasing Th1 cytokines, including interleukin (IL)12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, block cancer cells, while M2 macrophages, releasing Th2 cytokines such as IL6, IL10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)β, favour cancer expansion, promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting T cell activation [1,6].