In this respect, it is important to note that one study transplanted aortas from VDR−/− mice into wild-type mice, before induction of uremia and treatment with vitamin D, and no differences in aortic calcification was observed between VDR−/− aortic allografts and VDR+/+ recipient aortas, suggesting that VDR activation promoted VC through a systemic action rather than through a direct vascular action [51]. This evidence concerns the gene VDR and uremia.