CTLA4 and cancer: To improve this situation, it will be useful to establish an iDPS for immune checkpoint-modifying antibodies, including anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies, and immune modifiers, such as anti-tumor cytokines, with Bifidobacterium. We have therefore been attempting to establish Bifidobacterium that both express and secrete immunological anti-cancer molecules (Scheme 1), such as anti-CTLA4 and/or anti-PD-1 antibodies, in addition to such immune-stimulating anti-tumor cytokines as TNFα and INFγ.