Polymorphisms of BTNLs and sometimes their deficits have been associated with chronic kidney disease, hypertension and diabetes [26,27,28,29,30]; Nlrc5, a pattern recognition receptor in the MHC I class, regulates NF-κB, type 1 interferon activities and JAK/STAT3 signaling in immune response pathways. Here, STAT3 is linked to diabetes mellitus.