APP and Alzheimer disease: For example, the Aβ peptide is imported into the mitochondria via the TOM40 protein [30] and the amyloid precursor protein has been reported to be associated with TOM40 in AD, but not controls [31]; Aβ peptides and mis-directed amyloid precursor protein interfere with mitochondrial protein import and disrupt mitochondrial function [31,32,33]; and the accumulation of Aβ in mitochondria leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species [30,34].