VEGFA and age-related macular degeneration: Cigarette smoke is a risk factor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that induces apoptosis, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells [1,2,3,4,5].