A structure-affinity relationship study comparing the ginger constituents 8-paradol and 8-shogaol as well as the synthetic analogues 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decane and 5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)dodecane revealed inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) activity in the adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and determined an IC50 value of 2.1 μM for COX-2 inhibition by 6-shogaol [40]. Here, PTGS2 is linked to adenocarcinoma.