The role of ‘mirR-146’ in promoting apoptosis appears context dependent: mir-146a-5p promotes the apoptosis of chrondrocytes via activation of the NF-κB pathway [155], while miR-146b enhances apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) [156]; by contrast, ‘miR-146’ protects against cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB [157], and blocks the pro-apoptotic and inflammatory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in lung cancer cell lines [158]. Here, PTPN1 is linked to gastric cancer.