Later, cancer cells will spread and invade other tissues, a process in which proinflammatory molecules (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-11) participate to drive clonal selection of the most malignant cell clones and to recruit TGF-β and immune cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Tregs or M2 macrophages, that suppress T cell-mediated immune responses. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.