CSF2 and myelodysplastic syndrome: MDS-MSCs in vitro display modification of expression cytokines, such as decreased expression of stem cell factor (SCF), granulocyte cell stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and increased expression of IL-6 [162]; adhesion molecules, such as CD44 adhesion molecules and CD49e [163]; molecules involved in the interaction with the HSCs, such as osteopontin (OPN), Jagged1, Kit-L, and angiopoietin (ANG)1 [164]; and the CXCL12 chemokine associated with the survival/antiapoptosis of MDS cells and disease progression in MDS [165].