SMAD4 and medical procedure: Most regions with recurrent CN changes have previously been found to contain genes that are involved in: (i) colorectal carcinogenesis (i.e., SMAD4, ENO1, PIK3CD, UBE4B, CASZ1, CAMTA1, PPP1R8, TAF12 and ID3), (ii) cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology (SNHG12 and LIN28A), (iii) the metastatic process (WASF2, HTR1D, CLIC4, LCK, PTP4A2, ANGPT2, ENO1, XBP1 and WNT4), and (iv) chemoresistance of neoplastic cells (LIN28A, TRPM7, NRG1 and RBBP4) (Table 2).