In animal models of cigarette smoke-induced COPD, melatonin reverses many of the deleterious changes caused by COPD including functional decline and deformation in lungs, rise in BALF IL-1β levels, and elevated protein levels of NLRP3 and mature caspase-1 in lung tissue [62,119]. The gene discussed is NLRP3; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.