MSX1 and cancer: In particular, these were chromatin and chromosome modulator genes (TERT), NOTCH signaling (HDAC2, NOTCH1, and NOTCH2), osteogenic differentiation (ALPL, COL1A1, COL3A1, IGF1, SMAD4, TGFBR1, RUNX, and TNF), self-renewal (SOX1), WNT signaling (AXIN and MSX1), cell cycle arrest checkpoints (CDKN1B, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B), and asymmetric division and cancer stem cell markers (WNT1 and ALDH1A1).