In particular, these were chromatin and chromosome modulator genes (TERT), NOTCH signaling (HDAC2, NOTCH1, and NOTCH2), osteogenic differentiation (ALPL, COL1A1, COL3A1, IGF1, SMAD4, TGFBR1, RUNX, and TNF), self-renewal (SOX1), WNT signaling (AXIN and MSX1), cell cycle arrest checkpoints (CDKN1B, CDKN2A, and CDKN2B), and asymmetric division and cancer stem cell markers (WNT1 and ALDH1A1). Here, SMAD4 is linked to cancer.