Of these genes, several of our hypothesized duodenal key cancer-risk or immune modulators were also regulated in the liver: suppressed immune and inflammatory response (Stat1, Ifit1, Cxcl10), activated metabolism including glutathione (Ppara, Gsta2), tumor suppressor loss (Arntl), and activated oncogenes (Fkbp5, Rab30, Mt2). This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and cancer.