TLR9 and alcoholic hepatitis: As compared to EVs from control hepatocytes, those produced by hepatocytes isolated from a mouse model of alcoholic hepatitis were increased 10-fold in frequency and stimulated αSMA and collagen 1α1 expression in HSC or Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-dependent IL-1β and IL-17 production in hepatic macrophages [250].