In models of ovalbumin/napthalene-induced allergic airways disease or bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, intranasal administration of AEC exosomes resulted in reduced inflammation, epithelial damage, ECM, myofibroblast frequency, collagen content, fibrosis, and/or TGF-β expression [88,89]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.