These EVs, or those from the serum of experimental NASH in mice or of human NASH patients, induced expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in macrophages and this was dependent on the presence of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, a DR5 ligand, in the EV payload [244]. Here, IL1B is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.