Therapeutic antibodies targeting the immune inhibitory receptors Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) induce durable responses in a proportion of patients with melanoma, lung, kidney, bladder and other cancers [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is melanoma.