Moreover, exogenous H2S reduced the expression levels of TGFβ1, nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-κB) and AKT in diabetic kidney tissue, suggesting the TGFβ1, NF-κB and AKT pathways may mediate the effects of exogenous H2S on autophagy in improving diabetes-induced renal fibrosis [84], which needs further studies, such as studies using an inhibitor to suppress the TGFβ1, NF-κB and AKT pathways. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and diabetes mellitus.