MTOR and cardiac hypertrophy: Additional studies showed that LPA promotes cardiac hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats and increases cellular apoptosis, cellular elongation, and actin fiber reorganization; it has been suggested that two signaling pathways are involved herein, one through PI3K/AKT/mTOR (protein kinase, mammalian Target Of Rapamycin)/ERK (Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase) 1/2 and the other including NFκB [34,65,66].