In a rat model of diabetic nephropathy, for instance, the therapeutic impact of combined cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig) treatment and microbubble-mediated exposure has been investigated, showing that the effectiveness of this treatment improves following US microbubble exposure [46]. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.