Although elevated levels of several vasoactive hormones in the circulation due to activation of sympathetic nervous system, renin–angiotensin system, and other neuro-endocrine systems have been shown to occur in different types of heart failure [27,28,29,30], the mechanisms for their beneficial actions for the development of cardiac hypertrophy and adverse effects for the occurrence heart failure are not well understood. The gene discussed is REN; the disease is heart failure.