APP and Down syndrome: With respect to the value of choline supplementation to treat the deleterious effect of particular pathological conditions, spatial learning and memory improvements have been reported in the APP/PS1 mice model of Alzheimer’s disease [26,27,28], the Ts65Dn mice model of Down’s syndrome [39,42], after traumatic brain injury [58], impoverished environment [63] and seizure inducing doses of pilocarpine [69] or kainic acid [48,66].