ICOS and neoplasm: Thus, we conclude that these co-cultures system-based assays, proposed here, could become very useful in the future to test also many other combinatorial treatments of emerging immunomodulatory mAbs against different ICs (such as those specific for Lag-3, TIM-3, ICOS and others) to early predict not only their anti-tumor efficacy but also their side adverse events, thus allowing for the early screening of most potent and safe combinatorial therapeutic regimens.