In a phase I/II clinical trial of 48 patients with pancreas cancer, intradermal administration of mutant RAS peptides along with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) adjuvant, to activate dendritic cells, elicited evidence of RAS-specific cellular immunity associated with a modest improvement in survival [127]. Here, CSF2 is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.