VEGFA and lung cancer: Aptamer-siRNA chimera has been used by conjugating nucleolin aptamer (aptNCL) to siRNAs against SLUG and NRP1. These genes promote malignant transformation, specifically, SLUG activates epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and lung cancer metastasis, while NRP1 functions as a co-receptor for VEGF and is involved in VEGF-downstream signaling.