TNF and neoplasm: In fact, as previously reported by Feng et al., inflammation plays an important role in the hepatic microenvironment alterations (such as fibrosis and cirrhosis) [54], and other reports indicate that some cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and other inflammatory factors such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or VEGFR can regulate the tumor microenvironment.