In some rodent models, tumor and non-tumor cells in the TME (e.g., leukocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) secrete inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α, IL-10, IL-12, TGF-β, and CXCR4 [4,5]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.