In vitro stimulation of human normal fibroblasts with LPA (as well as with conditioned medium from an ovarian cancer cell line) converted these cells into CAFs that expressed αSMA, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, VEGFA, VEGFB, FAP, CXCL12 and IL-6 [93]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is ovarian carcinoma.