Indeed, reactive astrocytes and microglia are generally found to accumulate at sites of motor neuron degeneration and have been shown to release proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, CD11b, IL-17A, interferon gamma (IFNγ), CD40L and IL-6; and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, in post-mortem human tissues and animal models of ALS, respectively [138]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.