PPARGC1A and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Negative regulators of PGC-1α, including receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140), p53, DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3), and MYB binding protein (p160) 1a (MYBBP1a) and Parkin interacting substrate (PARIS), are considered to be responsible for obesity-induced downregulation of PGC-1α [72].