From the molecular point of view, they express high levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast activation protein (FAP), fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), platelet-derived growth factor receptor α/β (PDGFR α/β) and vimentin [22].CAFs promote UADT SCC progression by secreting cytokines/growth factors and ECM proteins, as well as MMPs, thus influencing tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, metastatic invasion, and drug resistance [103,104,105,106]. Here, S100A4 is linked to neoplasm.