TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In a study in which 14 patients with NASH were randomized to receive 8 g of prebiotics (oligofructose) per day for 12 weeks followed by 16 g per day for 24 weeks or placebo for 9 months, administration of oligofructose increased Bifidobacterium spp., C. leptum, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and decreased Clostridium cluster XI and Clostridium cluster I. It also reduced LPS, IL-6 and TNF-α [42].