SERPINA1 and pulmonary emphysema: For example, emphysema and cirrhosis can be caused by deficiency and polymerisation of SERPINA1 [46], respectively, thrombosis may be caused by polymerisation of SERPINC1 [47], angioedema results from a deficiency of SERPING1 [48] and familial dementia is a consequence of SERPINI1 polymerisation [49].