A recent study has shown that m5C also played an important role under pathological conditions (13), such as in cancer; NSUN2 and YBX1 promoted pathogenesis in human bladder urothelial carcinoma by targeting the m5C methylation site in the untranslated region of HDGF3. Adding a methyl group to the N1 position of adenosine will form an m1A, which appears mainly upstream of the initiation codon of the first splicing site and has a strong enrichment effect on translation in the 5’UTR (14). The gene discussed is NSUN2; the disease is cancer.