Despite the lack of information regarding the cell surface receptors and signalling pathways for klotho in the brain, studies with transgenic mice overexpressing the klotho gene have shed light on the neuroprotective properties of klotho and, when crossed with mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, have highlighted the potential beneficial effect arising from enhancing klotho expression in such disorders (summarised in Figure 2). Here, KL is linked to neurodegenerative disease.