A consistent effect on Tat expression and HIV-1 replication was exerted by both SRP14 and HMGB3, where SRP14 acts as a positive regulator of Tat expression and negative regulator of latent infection while HMGB3 acts as a negative regulator of Tat expression and negative regulator of productive infection (Figure 8). Here, SRP14 is linked to disease arising from reactivation of latent virus.