TNF and neoplasm: Inhibitory immune cells (such as tumor-associated macrophages) and tumor-causing inflammatory mediators (such as TNF-α、 IL-6、 TGF-β) in tumor microenvironment can stimulate tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways, promote the tumor immune escape as well as the tumor invasion and metastasis (45–47).