Since hrHPV+ patients had high numbers of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and presumably a predominance of the immunosuppressive CD68+ CD163+ M2 phenotype, they may require a combination of myeloid cell modulator and an inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1 axis to overcome the influence of immunosuppressive cells and ultimately enhance anti-tumor response (47–49). This evidence concerns the gene CD163 and neoplasm.