PPARA and diabetes mellitus: Pioglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) that also causes partial activation of PPAR-α, improved cardiovascular outcome in patients who did not have diabetes but who had insulin resistance and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (Dormandy et al., 2005; Kernan et al., 2016).