In addition, we identified eleven immune signatures, namely, TSPAN15, TSPO, METTL9, CD276, TP53I11, SPINT1, TRABD2B, WARS2, C9ORF116, DYNC2LI1 and LBH, which may serve as potential HCC biomarkers, and the use of such signature-based indices may shed light on novel targets for both personalized treatments and immunotherapies for HCC patients. Here, SPINT1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.